From immigrant entrepreneurship to healthcare access in L.A. County, this episode of The Signal maps the systems shaping everyday life. We examine who’s really driving economic growth, a local push to expand care for underserved communities, and a federal rule that could reshape the trucking workforce. We close with a look at how digital networks are evolving into powerful tools for organizing across cities, states, and continents. Aired live on 90.7 FM KPFK Los Angeles on February 21 2026.
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This is a rush transcript. Copy may not be in its final form.
TRANSCRIPT
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MUSIC INTRO
The Institute for Policy Studies and Kpfk. Further information available@kpfk.org.
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Speaker 2
To.
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Speaker 2
This is Al Franken and you're listening to fiercely independent Kpfk 90.7 FM in Los Angeles, 98.7 in Santa Barbara.
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MUSIC INTRO
The whole run by a handful of greedy bankers and CEOs who nobody elected. What can't possibly last?
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MUSIC INTRO
I'm going to tell you what I'm. For. But you really only have.
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MUSIC INTRO
To remember to two words.
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DINO
Good afternoon, Los Angeles. Welcome to the new news, information and analysis. I'm your host, Dino. So today we have, a couple of important stories coming up. We're going to focus on three separate conversations. Each of them can stand on their own, but together, they give us a broader look not only at the economy, but how public systems function and the historical forces that continue to shape all of them, and subsequently the impact it has on us.
00:01:22:14 - 00:01:53:08
DINO
We'll start with a look at immigrant entrepreneurship and what it tells us about the US economy. Who are the entrepreneurs and the impact that they're having on our communities? Then we're going to shift to a local conversation on health care access here in L.A. County. There is a movement happening right now that seeks to expand opportunities for health care, for members of the community throughout L.A. County.
00:01:53:10 - 00:02:34:10
DINO
And then we're going to shift to a local conversation, to another local conversation that has been in the news recently. I think, everybody anybody who has some relationship to the history of L.A. politics, whether it's in labor culture or otherwise, community in general, as it specifically relates to the Latino community, the Chicano community. We've all heard the devastating news that, there have been some serious allegations presented against, the historic figure, Cesar Chavez.
00:02:34:10 - 00:03:06:13
DINO
And we, of course, now know that folks are, devastated by the allegations that have been made. So we're going to get into that topic as well, although we'll be covering it from a very different perspective. So let's get into it. Our first topic, our first discussion is as I, as I said, starts with the economy and more specifically, the role of immigrant entrepreneurs and other communities of color and the role that they play in shaping it.
00:03:06:15 - 00:03:44:01
DINO
There's often a narrative that is framed when discussing immigrants, especially today. You know, one that is in the pejorative negative. But the other narratives that we hear is that, immigrants are workers, that they are, you know, behind and the behind the scenes and the kitchen, cleaning our homes and our offices. And we don't always get reminded about these significant impacts that the immigrant communities and indeed, communities of color have as business owners, innovators, drivers of the economy and the growth of this country and nation.
00:03:44:01 - 00:04:07:00
DINO
Indeed, what makes this nation strong and powerful are these very immigrants and people of color. A recent report from the Immigration Research Initiative, a nonpartisan think tank that looks at the integration of immigrants and other communities, was released very recently. In fact, I think it was released just a couple days ago, maybe yesterday, a day before the report.
00:04:07:02 - 00:04:38:19
DINO
The entrepreneurial spirit, a profile of business owners across the United States, takes a deep dive into the impact these communities have on the American economy. Joining us to talk through this is Shanelle Scott Contreras, president and CEO of build from Within Alliance, a national network of community and economic development organizations supporting local entrepreneurship and some of this country's lowest income urban, rural and Native American communities.
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DINO
Schnell. Welcome to the Signal.
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CHANELL SCOTT CONTRERAS
Thank you so much. Happy to be here.
00:04:43:09 - 00:04:59:01
DINO
Wonderful. So let's start off with the basic. Tell us about this report. The entrepreneurial spirit, high profile business owners across from the United States. Your org was one of the authors. What did you guys set out, to accomplish with this report?
00:04:59:03 - 00:05:28:24
CHANELL SCOTT CONTRERAS
Absolutely. So this report takes a closer look at who is starting and owning businesses in the United States, with a particular focus on immigrant entrepreneurs. We wanted to better understand not just whether immigrants are participating in the economy, but how they're shaping it through business ownership. And so we're looking at patterns in ownership rates. Types of businesses people are starting and how these trends vary across demographics and communities.
00:05:29:01 - 00:05:42:22
CHANELL SCOTT CONTRERAS
And this is helping to ground the conversation data so that we can move from and beyond assumptions and really understand the role immigrant entrepreneurs are playing in local economies across the country.
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DINO
So how significant is this role of immigrant business owners in the US economy today?
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CHANELL SCOTT CONTRERAS
Well, immigrant entrepreneurs play an incredibly significant role in the U.S. economy. Our report shows that immigrants are actually more likely to be business owners than us born individuals. Immigrants are 14% of the population and 17% of the labor force, but they represent 21% of businesses overall or business owners overall, and 27% of Main Street business owners. So this is translating into real impact in communities.
00:06:23:00 - 00:06:42:06
CHANELL SCOTT CONTRERAS
Businesses are creating jobs, providing essential services, contributing to the vibrancy of local economies. So when we're talking about immigrant entrepreneurship, we're not talking about activity on the margins, but really a, meaningful and growing part of the broader economic landscape.
00:06:42:08 - 00:06:57:16
DINO
So, you know, when we'd say, and just so that our audience has a clear understanding when we say, you know, there are 21% of business owners, 27% of Main Street, what what does that describe? What are we talking about when we say Main Street businesses?
00:06:57:18 - 00:07:18:07
CHANELL SCOTT CONTRERAS
Yes. We're seeing strong representation in areas like transportation services, food, retail, personal services and construction. These are industries that are deeply embedded in our everyday lives and that we literally see, commercial corridors and neighborhoods and communities.
00:07:18:09 - 00:07:28:21
DINO
So, you know, as we see that, as the research shows us that immigrants are often more likely to be business owners in certain sectors. What is driving that trend?
00:07:28:23 - 00:08:05:08
CHANELL SCOTT CONTRERAS
Yeah. Well, in some cases it's about opportunity. Entrepreneurs, seek out they tap into their entrepreneurial spirit and they meet community needs by filling that gap in the market. But it's also about barriers. Many immigrants face challenges accessing traditional employment or advancing in certain industries. And that could be due to, credential recognition, language or discrimination. And so entrepreneurship really becomes a pathway to economic, mobility, economic opportunity within that context.
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CHANELL SCOTT CONTRERAS
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DINO
Is there a particular set of industries that we're seeing this in? You know, there's there's these stereotypes and cliches that that we all have, you know, seen or heard, or even, you know, engaged in where we think that, you know, all gardeners are Latinos or store owners are Koreans. I mean, these things have been around for a while.
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DINO
But is there a program that we can identify to where particular industries or sectors, stand out for the immigrant community?
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CHANELL SCOTT CONTRERAS
Yeah. Well, we do see, strong representation of immigrant business owners in our food and retail and transportation, as I mentioned. But it really is diverse. So while we see, immigrant entrepreneurs starting restaurants, childcare businesses, cleaning services and working as contractors, they are also, working in a range of industries like professional services and technology and innovation driven sectors.
00:09:07:11 - 00:09:17:19
CHANELL SCOTT CONTRERAS
So the big picture really is diverse. And, you know, there's not one story, or one, pathway. To entrepreneurship by immigrant entrepreneurs.
00:09:17:23 - 00:09:47:19
DINO
Sure, sure. My guest is Chanel Scott Contreras, president and CEO of Build from Within Alliance, discussing a report that her and her team, and colleagues, just recently put out the entrepreneurial spirit, a profile of business owners across the United States. And, you know, what are some of the biggest barriers when we talk about immigrant entrepreneurs and when the barriers that they face, you know, whether it's access to capital, you know, licensing and so forth.
00:09:47:21 - 00:09:49:23
DINO
What stands out?
00:09:50:00 - 00:10:26:04
CHANELL SCOTT CONTRERAS
Yeah. Well, they're several and unfortunately, they often stack on top of each other. Access to resources is certainly a big one, especially access to capital, entrepreneurs in general, but particularly immigrant entrepreneurs, can face barriers to access and traditional financing that might be because of, stringent requirements. Or just like, exclusions. There may also be regulatory and licensing challenges, language barriers, even immigration status can limit access to resources and create uncertainty.
00:10:26:10 - 00:10:54:13
CHANELL SCOTT CONTRERAS
And so that's why at build from within Alliance, we we see how these barriers shape not just whether businesses are able to grow, but if they can even start and formalize in the first place. And so, we're a network of organizations that work to disrupt that dynamic. And in California, we work with the Central Valley Immigrant Integration Collaborative or civic, that helps to remove these barriers and provide support and resources to entrepreneurs in their area.
00:10:54:15 - 00:11:13:21
DINO
And you just gave us a future, guest possibly that so now. Yeah, let's, let's dig into this disconnect right between how immigrants are talked about in policy debate and what the data is actually showing us. And, you know, for us here at public radio, public media, we're a part of this. And this is a debate we hear all the time.
00:11:13:21 - 00:11:37:24
DINO
And given the political climate that seems to dominate oftentimes, right, the we paint the immigrant experience in the pejorative. We talk negatively, we characterize, but there is an obvious, disconnect, right? The data showing us that indeed, they're about economic contributions. What are we getting wrong in this overall debate that's public around immigrants?
00:11:38:01 - 00:12:15:07
CHANELL SCOTT CONTRERAS
Yeah, I think you're absolutely right. One of the biggest gaps is that we're often speaking about immigrants, primarily as workers and not often, as business owners and really drivers of wealth building. Our report, we hope, will shift that narrative and that dynamic, because it shows that immigrants aren't just participating in the economy. They're really driving it through business creation, which leads to job creation, and contributes to the long term vitality of communities, through, paying taxes, contributing to the the health and safety of a neighborhood or a community.
00:12:15:09 - 00:12:24:07
CHANELL SCOTT CONTRERAS
So what we're getting wrong is that we're not telling that full story. And then, leaning in and supporting immigrant entrepreneurs accordingly.
00:12:24:09 - 00:12:53:11
DINO
So you might have actually just answered the question that I had in my next. But, you know, when I think of policymakers, lawmakers, and we have them often here on the signal, you know, sometimes you want to kind of just put it in front of them, right? Here's the one line that you need to look at that you need to read in order for you to understand what is the lesson that lawmakers should be taken away from your report?
00:12:53:13 - 00:13:30:19
CHANELL SCOTT CONTRERAS
Yeah. So, in today's political context, the U.S. is really faced with the possibility that the number of immigrants would be decreasing instead of increasing. And our report shows that there would be real economic consequences as a result of that. It would be different, difficult, not just for immigrants, but for our country as a whole. There would be a well, we, see that a decrease in immigrants would predictably lead to a significant decrease in business owners, the jobs that they create, and, again, the overall vibrancy of local communities.
00:13:30:21 - 00:14:09:16
CHANELL SCOTT CONTRERAS
So instead, we need policymakers to be investing in inclusive and comprehensive small business development systems that center immigrant entrepreneurs and others who face exclusion. We're talking about access to capital, culturally relevant business support, and policies that reduce unnecessary barriers to starting and growing a business. And, I thought is that when you get that right and you center entrepreneurs who face the highest barriers, we are more likely to strengthen the business landscape for everyone and to ultimately strengthen communities as a whole.
00:14:09:18 - 00:14:35:13
DINO
And as we wrap up, Chanel is there. Can you give us a little insight into some of the other areas? I know that we focused, on on the immigrant intersection here, but I know that the report also looked at native American business ownership, looked at, you know, other, communities. Can you give us a quick, rundown on what was, what was found or identified in those sections?
00:14:35:15 - 00:15:12:02
CHANELL SCOTT CONTRERAS
Absolutely. So we are seeing disparities by race, both within immigrant communities and U.S. foreign communities. And so what that highlights for us is that we need to be mindful and really actively engaging, African American black owners, as well as native business owners and their communities so that we can formalize businesses, because there's no shortage of business activity happening in other communities, but that there's often, still significant and maybe different, but still significant, barriers in play.
00:15:12:04 - 00:15:17:23
DINO
So now, for listeners who want to learn more or read the report, where can they go?
00:15:18:00 - 00:15:24:20
CHANELL SCOTT CONTRERAS
Well, listeners can go to, the website, Bill Simmons in Alliance at the W Alliance.
00:15:24:20 - 00:15:26:01
MUSIC INTRO
Board or.
00:15:26:01 - 00:15:38:14
CHANELL SCOTT CONTRERAS
Check out the Immigration Research Initiative's website. I, researched that word and learn more about those within Immigrant Research Initiative, as well as our partners at Global Detroit.
00:15:38:16 - 00:16:06:12
DINO
Chanel. Scott Contreras, president and CEO of Bill within Alliance, thank you for joining us for walking us through this important reframing on how we think about the economy and who's actually driving it. Stay with us. Will be take an, quick break. We'll be right back as we shift to the local issue that affects millions here in Los Angeles County, health care access and a proposal that's moving forward right now.
00:16:06:14 - 00:16:08:09
MUSIC INTRO
You are listening to. But you really.
00:16:08:09 - 00:16:10:06
MUSIC INTRO
Only have to remember to.
00:16:10:08 - 00:16:15:14
MUSIC INTRO
Talk to a signal. There's a signal.
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MUSIC INTRO
Coming up with Mighty Dino Connect only on Kpfk 90.7 of FM Los Angeles.
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MUSIC INTRO
I in the US, La Paz. I live in the.
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MUSIC INTRO
Same yours ever since June.
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MUSIC INTRO
And I said I cannot get inside and lift you to get up outside of your. And I'm not saying if you say welcome back.
00:16:47:07 - 00:17:10:07
DINO
Now we turn to health care. There's a proposal moving forward here in Los Angeles County that aims to address the growing gap in coverage, especially as federal and state funding becomes less reliable. This is one of those issues that can feel sometimes technical. In fact, I was reading through the language, of the Restore Health Care for Los Angelinos.
00:17:10:09 - 00:17:28:07
DINO
And, you know, I say, even as a policy wonk, when you start looking, by the time you get to page 30 or 40, you're like, what are they? You know, this is a lot. So this is one of those issues that can feel technical but has very real implications for millions of residents here in the county. Joining us to help break this down is Jim Manguia Jim.
00:17:28:07 - 00:17:36:01
DINO
I hope I'm saying that right. President and CEO of Saint John's Community Health. Jim, welcome to the Signal.
00:17:36:02 - 00:17:37:14
JIM MANGIA
Thanks for having me.
00:17:37:16 - 00:17:46:00
DINO
So, Jim, to start us off, can you explain in simple terms what the measure is and what what is it trying to do?
00:17:46:01 - 00:18:15:23
JIM MANGIA
So measure E r is a temporary half spending, half penny funding measure that would bring in $1 billion a year, to the county to keep emergency rooms, community clinics and public health services open and accessible. The measure would sunset in October of 2031. So the taxes are forever. But it would help to stabilize our health care system expense.
00:18:16:00 - 00:18:26:02
JIM MANGIA
H.R. one is threatening the coverage for tens of thousands of Angelinos and clawed back 750 million annually from the Department of Health Services.
00:18:26:04 - 00:18:48:07
DINO
So, Jim, when people hear about this type of health care funding measures, you know, for a lot of folks, especially those that don't understand the complexities, of the already complex health care system, from your perspective as Saint Johns, what would it actually change on the ground? The actual, you know, in the rooms where folks seek out medical services.
00:18:48:09 - 00:19:17:22
JIM MANGIA
The right now, because of HR one, up to between 700,000 and 1.1 million Angelinos will lose their health coverage. So this measure would create, a county coverage program, to help all of those who lose their coverage. The goal is to prevent residents from completely losing coverage, making sure, particularly in underserved communities, that they have access to health care.
00:19:17:24 - 00:19:40:15
JIM MANGIA
I would also support public health services, which have been cut dramatically, by Trump. And so that we could engage in, preventing disease and making sure the water is safe, making sure that restaurants are inspected. All of the things that public health does, that many of us don't even know about, that actually keep us healthy.
00:19:40:17 - 00:20:12:13
DINO
Now, for those of you that are, that heard Jim reference H.R. one, that's, more commonly known as the One Big Beautiful Bill act, which is, of course, something you've heard this administration tout again and again. A federal tax and spending reconciliation law that was signed last year. Summer, I think it was. And, that has led to substantive cutbacks across the board in many different areas, including here, in California, in L.A. County.
00:20:12:13 - 00:20:30:11
DINO
And this is what Jim references when he says H.R. one. Jim, there's a lot of attention on the issue of undocumented and uninsured residents in this proposal. You can talk through the access to care. What does it look like for those communities right now, and how this measure would change that?
00:20:30:13 - 00:21:04:23
JIM MANGIA
So we're already feeling the effects of the big ugly bill 170, 80,000 Angelinos have already lost their health coverage. 560,000 Angelinos have already seen, their, their their cost for health insurance go up substantially. So what this would do is provide a health care coverage for everyone who loses their coverage. Seniors, children, veterans, people with disabilities, and working families with nowhere to turn.
00:21:05:00 - 00:21:31:23
JIM MANGIA
And it would particularly impact communities of color. The Latino community is disproportionately affected by these cuts. Black adults are already experiencing high rates of poor health outcomes as a last because of a lack of access to health care. So this measure is about bringing people together. It's not about dividing people. It's about making sure that everyone in Los Angeles County has health care coverage.
00:21:32:02 - 00:22:01:21
DINO
So, Jerry, 170,000 have lost 500,000 plus. I think you said 560 or 550. Have had their their, their health care, cost impacted. We're talking in north of 700,000. Well, on the way to a million folks. That's a significant impact on our community here in the L.A. area. Let's talk about funding structure. Where would the money come from and why was this approach chosen over others?
00:22:01:23 - 00:22:29:12
JIM MANGIA
So the the the funding mechanism is an increase in revenue of a half a penny, on the sales and retail expenses. So it would cost the family of for about $5 a month, which is less than your copay to go to the doctor, in order to keep health care for 1.1 million Angelinos. So the cost, again, it's only half a penny.
00:22:29:14 - 00:23:01:00
JIM MANGIA
And, because of the large population of Los Angeles County, that would bring in $1 billion a year. And that would offset most of the cuts that are coming from the big ugly bill and from President Trump. So, again, we're creating a structure where the county can take care of itself. It's clear that the federal government and the state government are not prepared, to prevent these cuts from happening to Los Angeles County.
00:23:01:02 - 00:23:13:15
JIM MANGIA
And so I think as Angelinos, we have to take responsibility for ourselves, for our own health care and make sure that we can provide that care to everyone in the county who needs it.
00:23:13:17 - 00:23:36:19
DINO
So from a cost benefit analysis, it clearly, and without doing the math, of course, I here on the fly, but it sounds like, we're looking at this having a great return on investment, particularly for the 1.1 million folks who would be impacted. Therefore, if my assessment is correct, have a positive net positive impact on the community as a whole.
00:23:36:21 - 00:23:39:20
DINO
Is that a fair statement statement to make?
00:23:39:22 - 00:24:10:14
JIM MANGIA
Yes, it's a very fair statement because the fact is that we're investing heavily in keeping emergency rooms open. Right? So many emergency rooms and hospitals are slated for closure. If we don't implement this measure. And we're also talking about public health, right? So we want to make sure that the water we drink is safe to drink. We want to make sure that if there's a measles outbreak, we can go and find out where that outbreak is coming from and prevent it from spreading.
00:24:10:20 - 00:24:38:05
JIM MANGIA
So we're talking about very deep and important public health and community health issues that will be addressed in this measure. And I think the most important thing to think about is what would it mean to millions of Angelinos if their local emergency room closed down? How much further would they have to drive right and distress in order to access a doctor and an emergency room?
00:24:38:05 - 00:24:58:01
DINO
And to make matters worse, I mean, this is something that I think we've all experienced at one point or another. Certainly I have where you go to an emergency room and on top of, maybe having to drive to one, you have to not wait and sometimes even longer. And if these issues don't get mitigated, I could see that happening.
00:24:58:03 - 00:25:21:16
DINO
Even further. Jim, from a provider standpoint, how would you how would these funds be distributed? Every time that we have opportunities like this that develop within L.A. County, funding opportunities for vital services, whether it's to address issues of homelessness or others, you know, the powers that be, the base community organizations quickly line up and say, I want to be a part of that.
00:25:21:18 - 00:25:30:09
DINO
In this case, right, what kind of services or programs would be strengthened or expanded? How would they be distributed?
00:25:30:11 - 00:25:54:14
JIM MANGIA
So there would be there's a formula that's been developed that was approved by the Board of Supervisors. And of course, we're hoping it will be approved by the voters, which will allocate about 45% of the funding to create a coverage program for everyone who loses their health insurance, everyone who falls off of Medi-Cal, will be able to be covered by this county program.
00:25:54:16 - 00:26:27:05
JIM MANGIA
There's about 22% of the money that goes to keep the public hospitals open, to keep the emergency rooms open. There's another 50 million in there to keep emergency rooms at safety net hospitals like Martin Luther King Hospital and the little Valley Hospital. To keep those hospitals open. There's money in there for the department, for the Department of Public Health to prevent the spread of communicable diseases, for making sure there's water safety, for making sure our restaurants are inspected.
00:26:27:07 - 00:26:50:17
JIM MANGIA
And then there's money in there, for in-home support service workers who care for our elderly and people with disabilities. So there's funding that's guaranteed to these entities that really take care of the public health. And we'll make sure that everyone remains covered, regardless of the cuts to Medicaid implemented by Trump.
00:26:50:19 - 00:27:17:05
DINO
So, we're talking with Jim Mangia from the, the Saint John's Community Health. Jim is walking us through the ballot measure that scheduled to be on for voters this year. That would restore 750 million per year in cuts to crucial health services and involves a half penny, price increase or tax increase? For the voters.
00:27:17:11 - 00:27:32:00
DINO
Jim, accountability is always a concern on this topics and these type of topics, right. All public funding. Let's talk about guardrails. Right. Mechanism. What mechanisms are in place to ensure that, accountability is there?
00:27:32:02 - 00:28:01:16
JIM MANGIA
I think that's a really, really important question. And we've developed an eight member independent citizen's Oversight Committee that will be put in place to review all expenditures and produce annual public reports to the voters so that they know how the money was allocated and how it was spent. There's going to be a county auditor, comptroller who will track all the funds and do regular independent audits that will also be submitted to the public.
00:28:01:18 - 00:28:24:04
JIM MANGIA
And, you know, the members of this independent Citizen's Oversight Committee will be include health care workers, public health directors, community clinic representatives, nonprofit activist activists, hospital members. So, you know, we're making sure that there's going to be a broad based group of citizens, who can actually regulate how this money is spent.
00:28:24:06 - 00:28:44:09
DINO
And just that, you know, it sounds a it sounds like a very well thought out, progressive effort to ensure that you cover all of these bases and, you know, which is can always be said about, a lot of the initiatives, whether at the local level, county or even state for that matter. But yet we still always have some critics, right?
00:28:44:09 - 00:29:04:16
DINO
And, some critics are now saying, well, look, you know, I get it, local government, is trying to fill the void, but it should should it be taken on these concerns about calls? Is it not the responsibility of the federal government? And I, of course, have an answer for that, but I want to hear it from you.
00:29:04:18 - 00:29:07:04
DINO
How do you respond to those concerns?
00:29:07:06 - 00:29:35:23
JIM MANGIA
Well, of course, it's the responsibility of the federal government and the state government. But they have reneged on their responsibilities. So Trump Trump cut $1 trillion from Medicaid, the largest health care cut in American history. And the fact is that the biggest driver of affordability, our health care costs. So what would it mean? Do we want to pay a half a penny, you know, maybe $5 a month to keep health care for all of Angelinos?
00:29:36:00 - 00:29:56:23
JIM MANGIA
Or do we want to get 30, 40, 50,000 emergency room bills when we have to go to the emergency room? Or do we want to get skyrocketing health insurance premiums when we want to get our health insurance? Or do we want to have a situation where we can't even see a doctor because we're uninsured as a result of these cuts?
00:29:57:00 - 00:30:16:10
JIM MANGIA
So when we're talking about affordability, the biggest driver of affordability for American families is health care costs. And this bill is designed measure E.R. is designed to keep down health care costs to prevent health care costs from rising any further in Los Angeles County.
00:30:16:11 - 00:30:42:04
DINO
So what I'm hearing you describe, Jim, is, you know, it's in our interest as a community, as a county, as a state to invest $1 now so that we don't have to pay $5 down the road. If that sounds right to you, Jim, walk us through. Where is measure e r right now? What, what should our listeners be paying attention to in the coming weeks and months as this moves forward?
00:30:42:06 - 00:31:12:22
JIM MANGIA
Well, we we're going to start our campaign, in April. And the primary is June 2nd. So the election is June 2nd. And, of course, we need everyone to vote. Yes and measure e r but we are going strong. We are. We have this is a broad based coalition that includes hospitals, labor unions, community clinics, private doctors, hospitals, county, community based organizations all over the county.
00:31:12:24 - 00:31:35:03
JIM MANGIA
And so we are we are running a strong campaign to educate the voters and give them a choice. It's up to the voters. Right. So the voters will decide whether they want to, pay a half a penny, about $5 a month. In order to make sure that every one of us in Los Angeles County has health care coverage.
00:31:35:05 - 00:31:46:08
DINO
Jim, if our listeners want to go to the interweb on that and pick a side, where do they go to find out more and learn about this? Or maybe they want to volunteer and support?
00:31:46:10 - 00:31:57:13
JIM MANGIA
That would be great. So it's restore health care for Angelinos. La.com restore health care for Angelinos la.com.
00:31:57:15 - 00:32:18:21
DINO
Wonderful Jim, thank you again for taking the time and helping us, helping me make sense of what's at stake here. Are we going to take a quick break. And when we come back, we'll shift into this broader discussion around labor history. And how does the legacies of those who shape organizations and have such an impact, impact us today?
00:32:18:23 - 00:32:22:00
DINO
Stay with us. We'll be right back.
00:32:22:02 - 00:32:45:10
MUSIC INTRO
I'm going to tell you what I'm you are listening to, but you really only have to remember to talk to a signal. There's a signal. Coming with Mighty Dino only on Kpfk, 90.7 FM, Los Angeles.
00:32:45:12 - 00:32:51:03
MUSIC INTRO
I in the US live from from the same.
00:32:51:04 - 00:32:54:18
MUSIC INTRO
Yard that I got. Some say that I'm a five year old and.
00:32:54:18 - 00:33:01:20
MUSIC INTRO
I said I cannot get it inside. And you get to get up outside of CMA yoga. And like I.
00:33:01:20 - 00:33:38:07
DINO
Say, welcome back. You're listening to The Signal news, information and analysis. I'm your host, Dino, here on Kpfk in Los Angeles, 90.7 f FM sun FM, Los Angeles, 98.7 FM, Santa Barbara, 93.7 FM, San Diego County, and even over on 99.5 Ridgecrest, China Lake. And of course, my friends in Ohio, Miami, Las Vegas, India, and on the mother ship via the web on kpfk.org.
00:33:38:09 - 00:34:31:00
DINO
So we're going to transition now to a difficult story state, local, personal, national, international. During this next and final segment, it's a difficult topic, but also a necessary conversation. You know, recent allegations involving Cecil Chavez have shaken many people across California and far and beyond the allegations against Chavez include claims of sexual abuse, sexual assault, including, a recent public statement this just this past week by the labor champion, leader of the Lotus workers, who, herself has presented the allegation that she indeed was raped by the legendary, labor leader.
00:34:31:02 - 00:35:12:10
DINO
At the outset, let me say clearly that we unequivocally condemn all violence, especially violence committed against women and children. Sexual violence is reprehensible. It demands accountability, and it requires a real survivor centered care and support approach. This, for us is and is non-negotiable, and we extend our deepest, thoughts and and well wishes to those who have, been impacted by this directly, indirectly, and indeed for the community at large.
00:35:12:12 - 00:35:37:20
DINO
For many, this has become a very emotional topic. Because sometimes, especially in some of these environments, we really get to develop and Revere our leaders, and we feel this almost unspoken connection that says, you inspire me, you motivate me. And when these type of things happen, they can be devastating. So for this conversation, we're going to focus on two related questions.
00:35:37:20 - 00:36:08:17
DINO
We're not going to talk about these specific issues. There's more than enough people having that conversation. And I encourage you to, to seek out that, further understanding, if and when you're ready. So for us, one of the things that, you know, when we talked about it here at The Signal and how we wanted to cover this topic, we wanted to dig a little deeper into the historical role of the United Farm Workers in California and the broader labor movement and its impacts that, the UFW have had.
00:36:08:19 - 00:36:35:18
DINO
Also, we want to know how this movement helped shape the emergence of Chicano studies and the larger intellectual and cultural infrastructure that followed. Joining us is Doctor Alfredo Carlos, assistant professor of labor studies at Cal State Dominguez Hill, and Doctor Gabrielle Gutierrez, chair of the Chicana Chicano Studies at Cal State Northridge. Thank you both for being here.
00:36:35:20 - 00:36:38:02
ALBERTO CARLOS
Thank you very much. Happy to be here.
00:36:38:03 - 00:36:38:19
DINO
So thank you.
00:36:38:19 - 00:36:39:19
GABRIEL GUTIERREZ
For having me.
00:36:39:21 - 00:37:04:14
DINO
Thank you both for being here. Let's let's let's start maybe doctor Carlos, let's start with you. You know, I want to ask you for listeners who may know the names and sort of Chavez, but not the full history, give us the basic origin of the story of the United Farm Workers. And how they got started.
00:37:04:16 - 00:37:24:15
ALBERTO CARLOS
Yeah. So the basic story, you know, got started really with, with it's a really important to know a couple of historical context. So, there was a sort of, like, a decades long struggle to end the, I said a program that was really important, led led mainly by our National Guard over. And once that program ended, it became easier.
00:37:24:15 - 00:37:47:17
ALBERTO CARLOS
That program really made it impossible to organize farm workers in the United States because the growers had, you know, a disposable labor force and expendable for sex. They can just kind of grab from Mexico. And so when that program ended, because of that, like historic struggle, like organizing farmworkers now became more, more viable. And so you had different groups around the country and or, you know, trying to organize workers, including, agricultural workers.
00:37:47:19 - 00:38:09:01
ALBERTO CARLOS
One of those groups was Agricultural Workers Organizing Committee, which was led by Filipinos, specifically Larry Liang and Sula Vera Cruz. And then you also had a group, which was, you know, led by Cesar, which was the National Farmworkers Association. And in the, in the in May of 1965, the Filipino workers decided that they were going to go on strike in Coachella Valley.
00:38:09:03 - 00:38:25:10
ALBERTO CARLOS
And, and they they didn't win everything. They wanted, but they did get some pay increases, and they decided that in September they were going to do the same thing in the Central Valley, specifically in Delano. And so Cesar had Caesar in his his Caesar and the lawyers had had to make a decision if they were going to support the strike or not.
00:38:25:10 - 00:38:41:23
ALBERTO CARLOS
And so they were basically kind of put into a corner where they, they, like Cesar, kind of begrudgingly joined, that strike. And those two groups eventually formed the following year. They, they joined it, formed the United Farm Workers of America.
00:38:42:00 - 00:39:06:08
DINO
And give us an understanding of what what were the conditions in these environments at the time that actually gave rise to this organization, whether it was, down, by the Filipino community or up in the Central Valley with, the Mexican and Chicano community, what kind of conditions were they facing at the time that led to this political effort?
00:39:06:10 - 00:39:27:09
ALBERTO CARLOS
So, I mean, agricultural workers historically have always been at the lowest rungs of, you know, that the economy, often sometimes even paid with government subsidies, surpluses, they, they were facing, you know, terrible pay, because a lot of them, like you had to live near on farmland that, like, didn't belong to them. They had to shop at the company stores.
00:39:27:09 - 00:39:48:01
ALBERTO CARLOS
And they were, you know, there was no breaks, no conditions, like there was no safety, health and safety issues. There were also left out of, you know, federal law policies that mandate minimum wages. And also, you know, some basic protections. And so, they're basically the most exploited workers in a lot of ways, continue to be some of the most exploited workers in the economy.
00:39:48:03 - 00:40:14:15
DINO
So help us understand the broader significance of the United Farm Workers in labor history. You know, what was its importance? Mainly? You know, a lot of us know the symbolism. But did it also materially change how Californians and the country as a whole saw agricultural labor, immigrant labor in particular? Ultimately worker power.
00:40:14:17 - 00:40:32:13
ALBERTO CARLOS
Yeah. So one of the things I talked to my students about is, this concept called commodity fetishism, where we don't really think about, you know, the where our products come from in the economy. We just shop and we buy them. We go to the grocery stores and, you know, we we like, you know, buy our fruits and vegetables and food that we don't think about where they come from.
00:40:32:13 - 00:40:53:18
ALBERTO CARLOS
And so one of the things that the United Farm Workers and all the like organizers were able to do is that they took the agricultural conditions and brought them into the cities and brought them into, like large metropolitan areas, largely with the help of a lot of college students who basically began the, you know, the grape boycott like that lasted from 1965 to 1970.
00:40:53:24 - 00:41:09:20
ALBERTO CARLOS
It brought the conditions of farmworkers, which for a lot of us who live in cities or out of sight, out of mind, and it brought them, it brought them to, to, to confront us, like, you know, the people that were around the time had to confront the conditions they had, that they think about where their grapes are coming from, what are the workers conditions.
00:41:09:20 - 00:41:27:23
ALBERTO CARLOS
And so that was one of the first times also because of the advent of television, like people were able to start seeing like some of this stuff, because it was unfiltered back then, television was fairly new at the time, so it made people confront basically their food sources and, you know, the conditions that people were facing.
00:41:28:00 - 00:41:52:19
DINO
So let me bring you in, doctor Gabrielle Gutierrez from the, Chicano Studies department, chair, Chicano Studies Department at Cal State Northridge and that we did this for listeners unfamiliar with the field. You know, around the time the UFW organization was formed, by the merger of the National Farmworkers Association, as Doctor Connors pointed out, this started happening around 1962.
00:41:52:19 - 00:42:29:08
DINO
But by 1968, we saw the emergence of a discipline, that we now know well, then and now as Chicano studies. And while both, were happening in their own respective space and time, they were both deeply intertwined in what became known at that time of the 60s and 70s. This Chicano movement, that we did is walk us through, explain what you're going to study, set out to do when it emerged, especially in California, and why movements like the farmworkers struggle mattered so much in its formation.
00:42:29:10 - 00:43:01:00
GABRIEL GUTIERREZ
Yeah. Yeah. Thank you. First of all, for that and what what emerged really, was the result of multiple, movements that began to coincide that included, local, urban, rural, regional, statewide, and global issues, right. Where, you had converge conversations around, for example, the UCLA blowouts or the high school blowout that were not only happening here, but were happening nationally.
00:43:01:02 - 00:44:02:18
GABRIEL GUTIERREZ
You had, discussions about curriculum, you had discussions about, pedagogy. Right. And so the belief being that, different skill sets could be attained, by students with different forms of content that are going to be relatable, they're going to draw attention, and then you know, allow you to invest right in all of it. What happened with, regard to, the United Farm Workers, which, coincided with some of these other movements as well, was that it provided a as I was saying, a very, a very tangible, experience where students could, attribute and apply the different forms of critical analysis that they were getting in the classroom to
00:44:02:20 - 00:44:30:07
GABRIEL GUTIERREZ
an actual action. Right? Right. And, and so, among the different things that were, very evident and very substantial were the, the grape boycott, for example, the use of, of media. Right. The the documentary The Wrath of Grapes, and the invitation of folks to come in and, go up to the line or right to participate, to volunteer.
00:44:30:07 - 00:44:53:12
GABRIEL GUTIERREZ
So for a lot of students that became, you know, the first real experience was folks who got to see the conditions that farmworkers lived under the working conditions. Right? And they got to engage and interact with and hear the narrative. The folks that, you know, Doctor Carlos were saying where, you know, were not very directly relatable.
00:44:53:14 - 00:45:09:00
GABRIEL GUTIERREZ
Right? Right. So, that that was kind of, the beginning of how, the UFW had an impact on Chicano, Chicano studies, then how to come to kind of studies having impact on the farm workers movement as well.
00:45:09:05 - 00:45:34:10
DINO
So it sounds like the imagery, the rhetoric, the organizing culture of the farmworker movement had a direct influence on the rise of Chicano studies. And how did that, as a result, influenced the academic development as a discipline? What did we see in those early years come out? Earlier you referenced, you know, greater understanding of the pedagogy.
00:45:34:10 - 00:45:47:17
DINO
And of course, there's a degree of dialectical, understanding with regard to some of these issues and how they direct, directly and indirectly impact our communities. Tell me about the academic discipline and how that evolved.
00:45:47:19 - 00:46:20:18
GABRIEL GUTIERREZ
Yeah, the dialectical aspect is a very key component here because initially you have to remember that there were no figures, there were no points of reference that, folk could relate to. Right? So anything that was coming out, it was new, it was affirming. It was, you know, having impact beyond even the classrooms. And so what happened is, and this is where we start getting into the dialectical part, right?
00:46:20:19 - 00:46:49:08
GABRIEL GUTIERREZ
Is that, the initial phase was, basically in many aspects, using models that had already been in place where, you know, we replace a white man with a brown man, for example, as a hero. Right. And so those dialectical issues begin to emerge, like 20, 30 years ago, where, the UFW definitely had a substantial contribution.
00:46:49:08 - 00:47:24:15
GABRIEL GUTIERREZ
They they made a huge impact. But at the same time when, when they started going into urban areas and engaging in political, campaigning, right, usually on behalf of mainstream corporate Democrats, they went against local grassroots, organizations or local grassroots, movement, right, that were urban based. So, you know, for the last 20 or 30 years, there has already been that engagement doesn't mean that there's a dismissal of those, experiences.
00:47:24:15 - 00:47:48:14
GABRIEL GUTIERREZ
Right. Or the contributions of the of the UFW. But but definitely there there are other questions that you see that emerge in even further with the more recent generations of folks, right, who, are tuning in to issues with regards to immigration. Sure. How, that, you know, the use of the term wetback and all of these cited.
00:47:48:16 - 00:48:10:03
GABRIEL GUTIERREZ
And so the important thing, though, is to try and contextualize, right. Like, okay. Yeah. What what do these things mean? You know, what, what were the times that how how is it being applied. Right. But but you do have students that are engaging in more critical questions. You have, scholars that have been engaging in those critical questions as well, along with critical research.
00:48:10:04 - 00:48:17:07
GABRIEL GUTIERREZ
So I'm. Yeah, exactly. You know, and so, yeah, I mean, that that that'll be a short answer to the question.
00:48:17:13 - 00:48:50:08
DINO
Sure, sure. My guests are Doctor Alfredo Carlos, assistant professor of labor studies at Cal State Dominguez Hills, and Doctor Gabriela Gutierrez, chair of Chicano Chicano studies at Cal State Northridge. And we're discussing the historical role of the United Farm Workers in California and the broader labor movement. But also how it's helped shaped a movement of the emergence of Chicano studies as a larger intellectual and cultural infrastructure that followed for the Latino Chicano community here in L.A..
00:48:50:08 - 00:49:17:09
DINO
And, you know, Doctor Carlos, we're now seeing a real public reckoning happening in our cities. Institutions are already I was going to say, I think maybe when I was writing my notes, I wrote in here reconsidering, and I already scratched that out because, you know, there's already an active effort to, you know, rename holidays, statues, murals, etc. from a labor studies perspective, however, how should people separate or not?
00:49:17:11 - 00:49:24:11
DINO
The very real contributions of this movement from the alleged conduct of one of its most celebrated leaders?
00:49:24:13 - 00:49:43:05
ALBERTO CARLOS
Well, I think I think it's one of those things that a lot of us are sort of considering in terms of, you know, what does it mean when the leader becomes the movement? And so it's it's really important that we, we, those of us who teaches materials say, hey, movements are made up by masses of people.
00:49:43:07 - 00:50:18:12
ALBERTO CARLOS
And, and I think it's important that, that you have some, like, I can here's myself box. So one of the things that I think is really important is, is like looking beyond the faces of the movement because these movements, like I said, are mass movements and, and I always find some of it sort of, puzzling when I ask questions about these are some of the things that are coming out, not the not the recent times, but like him saying wetback and what he did for Filipinos and how he sort of, you know, pushed them out and, and, and pushed by certain segments around the Union the way that he wanted
00:50:18:12 - 00:50:37:03
CHANELL SCOTT CONTRERAS
to. And when I asked questions about those people would often get really defensive with me. And I was, I was when I was a young student. And so I think it's one of those things where it's important to have leaders, and I think leaders have a place. But I also think it's important to to, you know, see them as human beings and not to defy them.
00:50:37:05 - 00:50:54:00
ALBERTO CARLOS
And so, as we reckon with the history of years, I think it's important to recognize that also, the farmworkers movement isn't just United Farm Workers, either. It's there's, you know, we need also campesinos and those in the Western Oregon. There's a farm labor organizing committee that was doing a lot of work, you know, on the East Coast.
00:50:54:02 - 00:51:16:01
ALBERTO CARLOS
And so the American workers in Florida and so, so when we think of what, like, like this figurehead that he was in the movement, he was an important, personage in the movement. So obviously there's been, you know, organizing, but also, you know, the old order was right there on the ground when he was, there's a lot of people that criticized when he went on hunger strike, and he took time to do that.
00:51:16:01 - 00:51:30:15
ALBERTO CARLOS
People were like, no, we need we need you to out actually be out organizing. And so I've heard some of that stuff in the last ten years. And so more of that is coming out. And like, Gabriel said, you know, students are now like looking back a lot more critically in that time period.
00:51:30:20 - 00:51:54:14
DINO
Sure, sure. You know, let's talk a little bit about risk, right? I mean, is there a risk to the farmworker cause right now because of this issue? I mean, it sounds like, you know, public conversation is becoming about one individual, not about the thousands of workers at this point. I think, when I when we checked, the union is about, but is it 6000 shy of 6000 strong?
00:51:54:16 - 00:52:19:09
DINO
You know, and all the organizers of families who built that movement, you know, a lot of news sources, news agencies, yours truly included, are reporting that, for some labor voices out there, they're trying to hold both truths at once. It sounds like, right, on the one hand, condemning the allegations while insisting that the movement was larger than Chavez, although we historically always reported it as a Chavez movement.
00:52:19:11 - 00:52:37:15
DINO
You know, how do we reconcile these two positions? Right. Clearly, we're in a very difficult position. We want to honor the, the the farmworkers. But at this point, are we are we looking at potentially impacting this community and the labor sector?
00:52:37:17 - 00:52:58:03
ALBERTO CARLOS
Well, I to think that there's Apple and power. You're not going to use this, to, to, you know, to either break the, you know, try to break the United Farm Workers or to, you know, to keep, farm worker struggles, really out of, you know, the mainstream. And so there is definitely a lot of folks who are, you know, chomping at the bit, you know, to, to make sure.
00:52:58:03 - 00:52:59:02
DINO
To make use of it.
00:52:59:02 - 00:53:30:10
ALBERTO CARLOS
So, yeah. Yeah, sure. But but I also think that, you know, as, as the labor movement, totally not just, you know, united farmworkers. I think we need to reconcile the types of leadership that we have, you know, allowed to exist, you know, like autocratic type leaderships. And we need to build more, engaged democratic mass labor movements that bring in people like, we need to move away from the service model and really build like an organizing model where, you know, we're empowering workers to build skills and develop.
00:53:30:11 - 00:53:37:00
ALBERTO CARLOS
And so so I think this is this, this is going to help with that. Hopefully that's what I'm thinking. I'm hoping.
00:53:37:06 - 00:53:57:10
DINO
And that is the same question for you. Right. How do we reconcile this issue. But let me add to it, right. With regard to Chicano studies and the broader Latino Chicano community, what does it mean when that foundational figure is suddenly viewed through a very different moral lens? Right. Does this force the rewriting of the public narrative?
00:53:57:12 - 00:54:25:17
GABRIEL GUTIERREZ
Well, I mean, the assumption would be then that we've been glorifying all along and we haven't been, you know, one of the themes when we talk about leaders and leadership is we we critique this idea of hero citation, you know, is that hero ification is dehumanizing. We think humanizing and the ways that we lessen ourselves by elevating other folks and dehumanizing in the way we attribute superhuman, characteristics to those folks that we elevate.
00:54:25:17 - 00:54:51:23
GABRIEL GUTIERREZ
Right. And so it turns the conversation back to dignity, right? And to the dignity of students who are not only in school to attain, but to create college. Right. And so the importance has always been, at least for me and a couple of my colleagues, to present a variety of different angles on a given topic. And in this case, you know, the UFW, Chavez, or whoever.
00:54:52:00 - 00:55:23:05
GABRIEL GUTIERREZ
And to arrive at their own conclusions based on the sources that that had been presented, any additional, research that they might do as well. Right. And so that I think becomes, a really important, historical, lesson for us at this moment, you know, because, like, who do you replace him with? You know, and if you elevate someone to the pedestal, you knock them off and then you put someone in, regardless of who they are, then when are they going to get knocked off?
00:55:23:05 - 00:55:35:11
GABRIEL GUTIERREZ
Sure. You know, and then who's going to replace them? So I think, you know, if we get rid of the pedestal itself, then, you know, we arrive at, a different point of departure. And considering this position.
00:55:35:13 - 00:55:55:15
DINO
Well, you know, this is one of those conversations that, is going to continue to unfold, I think we have lots to go on. I'm hoping I can bring you both back at a later time for a much deeper dive into this. My guest have been Doctor Alfredo Carlos, assistant professor of labor studies at Cal State Dominguez Hills, and Doctor Gabriel Gutierrez, chair of the Chicano and Kind of Studies at Cal State Northridge.
00:55:55:21 - 00:56:09:01
DINO
I want to thank you both for being here and helping us begin to unpack what is clearly going to be a long term conversation. I appreciate you both giving us your time on this Saturday afternoon. Thanks for being with us.
00:56:09:03 - 00:56:12:03
ALBERTO CARLOS
Thank you. Before we let you off, happy to be here, you know.
00:56:12:05 - 00:56:46:13
DINO
Thank you guys. So all right, folks, listen, as we wind down, this is clearly a conversation that is going to continue to unfold. The allegations are serious. The pain is real, and the public reckoning is moving quickly. You know, within 24 hours, we started seeing, street signs coming down, murals being painted over. But what today's discussion helps us clarify is that the history of the farm worker organizing, the Chicano political formation that had complemented, indeed, the California labor movement, cannot be understood through one person alone.
00:56:46:15 - 00:57:16:11
DINO
These were collective struggles built by workers, family, students, scholars and organizers. And now the challenge is to confront harm honestly, without losing sight of the larger history. What we're really talking about is how history, institutions and movements intersect and how those legacies continue to shape the present. I wanna thank all my guests for joining me today. Our big thanks to my, my producer who keeps it sharp, who keeps me on point on nella Barbara.
00:57:16:13 - 00:57:44:10
DINO
And as always, thank our sound engineers, board operators and support staff. Vic and Sly rivers, my homie. A programing note. Folks, as we prepare to get out here, next week, we're going to give up the space so that our network, the Pacifica Radio Foundation, can cover the, no King's rally. And I really wanna encourage you guys to tune in to that because you're going to hear perspectives from across the country, different states.
00:57:44:16 - 00:58:05:23
DINO
Indeed. I will be out there myself. Covering this issue will be back on April 4th with another episode of politics, Tacos and Beer. And well, as for now, stay tuned. The car show is coming up. This has been the signal. News, information and analysis on Kpfk, FM Los Angeles. I'm your host, you know, and I'll see you next time.
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